Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.
Treatment: screening, coagulation and flocculation (alum), sedimentation, filtration (rapid sand), disinfection (chlorine, UV, ozone), plus softening or membrane processes when required. Targets set by WHO or national standards (turbidity <1 NTU, E. coli absent).
Rapid sand filters remove fine flocs before chlorination.
Water treatment removes particles, pathogens and chemicals to make water safe, so each process must be designed and controlled carefully.
Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.
Water treatment removes particles, pathogens and chemicals to make water safe, so each process must be designed and controlled carefully.
It adds chemicals that cause small particles to clump together so they can be removed by settling or filtration.
It kills remaining pathogens before water reaches consumers, and residual disinfectant protects it during distribution.
Typical applications include designing a coagulation and flocculation tank for a river water plant, choosing chlorine dosing for disinfection of a supply and filtering water through sand to remove suspended solids before disinfection.
Study "Water supply engineering" first (topic 78 of 112 in Civil & Structural). It covers the groundwork this topic builds on.
Jar test. Detention times. Disinfection byproducts.
Rapid sand filters remove fine flocs before chlorination.
The next topic is "Water demand estimation", which builds directly on this one.
It is classed as Advanced in Civil & Structural (topic 79 of 112). It is an advanced topic. It assumes you are comfortable with the intermediate topics in Civil & Structural.
Want to practise? Open the interactive course for quick checks, quizzes, simulations and progress tracking.