Hardy Cross and computational methods solve flows in loops.
Networks require continuity at nodes (ΣQ=0) and zero head change around loops (Σh=0). Hardy Cross iteration, linear theory and modern solvers (EPANET) compute flows and pressures in water distribution networks. Loops provide redundancy.
A city water network is modelled with thousands of pipes in EPANET.
Pipe networks have flows that must satisfy both continuity and energy conservation around loops, so they need systematic solution methods.
Hardy Cross and computational methods solve flows in loops.
Pipe networks have flows that must satisfy both continuity and energy conservation around loops, so they need systematic solution methods.
It iteratively corrects loop flows until head losses around each loop balance, which is a practical approach for networks.
Real networks have many loops and nonlinear losses, so computer methods such as the Newton approach solve them efficiently.
Typical applications include balancing the flow in a district heating loop with many branches, solving water distribution networks in a city supply and analysing the flows in a sprinkler system with several loops.
Study "Minor losses" first (topic 61 of 105 in Thermodynamics & Fluids). It covers the groundwork this topic builds on.
Looped vs branched. Pressure zones. Pumps and tanks included.
A city water network is modelled with thousands of pipes in EPANET.
The next topic is "Pumps", which builds directly on this one.
It is classed as Intermediate in Thermodynamics & Fluids (topic 62 of 105). It is an intermediate topic. Work through the beginner topics in Thermodynamics & Fluids first.
Want to practise? Open the interactive course for quick checks, quizzes, simulations and progress tracking.